1. Resources and Development
Class 10th Geography Chapter 1
Class 10th Geography Chapter 1, NCERT Notes
Resources and Development
Resources
Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’.
Understanding Definition
Now let us try to unerstand above definition:
So whatever or anything that is availabale in the environment can be termed as ‘Resource’, but there are some conditions:
1. The first one is- that thing must be technologically accessible. Suppose there is huge deposit of uranium in Ladakh valley, which is covered under ice sheets and snow. Because of lack of technology those deposits of uranium are not accessible or we can say those uranium cannot be mined out. Under this condition such types of uranium deposits or deposits of anything cannot be termed as resources.
2. The second condition is that the natural thing must be economically feasible. In order to understand economically feasible, we can take the example of Kolar gold mine. In case of Kolar gold mine, gold is available in so depth that it would not be benefetial to mine gold from such deep mine.
3. The third condition is that thing must be culturally acceptable. To understand culturally acceptable we can take the exmample of the manure- Sona Khad. Sona Khad is prepared from human excreta. No doubt Sona Khad is a very good quality of manure but whenever people come to know that it is made from human excreta, they dont want to use it. So we can say that use of Sona Khad is not acceptable in our society. In other words we can say that the use of Sona Khad is not culturally acceptable. The same thing happens with biogas also.
So these are some conditions. If any natural thing fulfills all these above conditions then such natural things can be termed as ‘Resources’.
Short Notes
Classification of Resources
i. On the basis of origin
a. Biotic
b. Abiotic
ii. On the basis of exhaustibility
a. Renewable
b. Non Renewable
iii. On the basis of ownership
a. Individual
b. Community
c. National
d. International
iv. On the basis of status of development
a. Potential
b. Developed
c. Stock
d. Reserves
Definition and Examples
i. On the basis of origin:
a. Biotic Resources
The resources which are obtained from biosphere and have life are known as biotic resources. Examples- Forest, livestock etc.
b. Abiotic Resources
The resources which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources. Examples- Rocks and Minerals
ii. On the basis of Exhaustibility
a. Renewable Resources
The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical process are known as renewable resources.
For Example: Solar and water energy.
b. Non - Renewable Resources
The resources which can not be renewed or reproduced within the span of our life are known as non- renewable resources. These occur over a very long geological time
For Example: Coal, Petroleum, fossil fuels etc.
iii. On the basis of ownership
a. Individual Resources
The resources which are owned privately by individuals are known as ‘individual resources’.
For Example: Land owned by the farmers, Building or house owned by a person.
b. Community Owned Resources:
The resources which are accessible to all the members of the community are known as ‘ community owned resources’.
Examples: Grazing Ground, Burial ground etc.
c. National Resources:
All the minerals, water resources, forest, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources therein belong to the nation.
(1 Nautical Mile = 1.852 km)
d. International Resources:
The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of the international institutions.
Example: Minerals such as manganese nodules found on the ocean floor beyond national jurisdictions are considered part of the “common heritage of humankind” and are regulated by the International Seabed Authority (ISA).
iv. on the basis of status of development
a. Potential Resources
Resources which found in a region, but have not been utilised. Usage of such resources are confined to a particular region.
For example: Wind energy in Gujrat, Solar energy in Rajasthan.
b. Developed Resources:
The resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for ustilisation.
Examples: Coal in Jharkhand Gold in Karnataka etc.
c.(i) Stock
Minerals in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these.
For Example water is a compound of two gases: hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen can be used as a rich source of energy but we don’t have advanced technical ‘know how’ to use it.
c. (ii) Reserves:
Reserves are the subset of the stock, which can be put into use with the help of existing technical ‘know how’ but their use has not been started.
For Example: River water can be used for generating hydroelectric power but presently , it is being utilised only to limited extent.
Development of Resources
Problems in Development of Resources
- Depletion of resources for satisfying the greeds of of a few individuals.
- Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two segments i.e. have and have nots or rich an poor.
- Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crisis such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.
Sustainable Development
Sustainable economic development means development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the need of the future generation.
Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992
Important Objective Questions:
1. In which year the first International Earth Summit was held?
Answer: 1992
2. Where was the first International Earth Summit held?
Answer: Rio de Janeiro in Brazil
3. How many head of states participated in this summit?
Answer: More Than 100
4. Why was this Earth Summit convened?
Answer: To address urgent problems of environmental protection and socio economic development.
5. What is the full form of UNCED?
Answer: United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
6.Which global principles were endorsed at the Rio Earth Summit?
Answer: Global Forest Principles
7. Which important action plan was adopted at the Rio Earth Summit?
Answer: Agenda 21
8. What was the main aim of the Agenda 21?
Answer: To achieve sustainable development by 21st century
NCERT Question-Answer
1. Multiple choice questions.
(i) Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
(a) Intensive cultivation (b) Deforestation
(c) Over irrigation (d) Overgrazing
(ii) In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practised?
(a) Punjab
(b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh
(c) Haryana
(d) Uttarakhand
(iii) In which of the following states black soil is predominantly found?
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Jharkhand